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Early Native Californians were , with seed collection becoming widespread around 9,000 BC. Angles between two flake scars are different from angles between platforms and derivative flake scars.\
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A map of California tribal groups and languages at the time of European contact. The Indigenous peoples of California known as Native Californians are the who have lived or currently live in the geographic area within the current boundaries of California before and after the arrival of Europeans. With over forty groups seeking to be , has the second largest population in the United States. The California cultural area does not conform exactly to the state of California's boundaries. Many tribes on the eastern border with Nevada are classified as , and some tribes on the Oregon border are classified as. Tribes in who do not cross into California are classified as. Before European contact, native Californians spoke over 300 dialects of approximately 100 distinct languages. Larger groupings have been proposed. The superstock has the greatest time depth and has been most difficult to demonstrate; is somewhat less controversial. There is evidence suggestive that speakers of the and , and possibly languages of southern Baja California such as , were in California prior to the arrival of languages from the north and from the east, perhaps predating even the languages. The several are relatively recent arrivals, no more recent than about 2000 years ago. A map locating the main tribes native to California before Europeans' arrival. Precontact Evidence of human occupation of California dates from at least 19,000 years ago. Prior to European contact, California Indians had 500 distinct sub-tribes or groups, each consisting of 50 to 500 individual members. The size of California tribes today are small compared to tribes in other regions of the United States. Prior to contact with Europeans, the California region contained the highest Native American population density north of what is now. Because of the temperate climate and easy access to food sources, approximately one-third of all were living in the area of California. Early Native Californians were , with seed collection becoming widespread around 9,000 BC. Due to the local abundance of food, tribes never developed agriculture or. Two early southern California cultural traditions include the and the , both dating from ca. From 3000 to 2000 BC, regional diversity developed, with the peoples making fine-tuned adaptations to local environments. Traits recognizable to historic tribes were developed by approximately 500 BC. The indigenous people practiced various forms of sophisticated in the forests, grasslands, mixed woodlands, and wetlands to ensure availability of food and medicine plants. They on a regional scale to create a low-intensity ; this prevented larger, catastrophic fires and in loose rotation. By burning underbrush and grass, the natives revitalized patches of land and provided fresh shoots to attract food animals. A form of was used to clear areas of old growth to encourage new in a repeated cycle; a. Contact with Europeans Balthazar, Inhabitant of Northern California, painting by. Different tribes encountered non-native European explorers and settlers at widely different times. The southern and central coastal tribes encountered Spanish and British explorers in the mid-16th century. Tribes such as the or in present-day southeast California and southwest Arizona first encountered Spanish explorers in the 1760s and 1770s. Tribes on the coast of northwest California, like the , , and , had contact with Russian explorers and seafarers in the late 18th century. Mission era Further information: The Spanish began their long-term occupation in California in 1769 with the founding of in. The Spanish built 20 additional missions in California. Their introduction of European and non-native diseases resulted in unintended havoc and high fatalities for the Native populations. Early to mid 19th Century, coastal tribes of northwest California had multiple contacts with Russian explorers due to. At that time period, Russian exploration of California and contacts with local population were usually associated with the activity of the. A Russian explorer, Baron , visited California in 1818, 1833, and 1835. In his notes Wrangell remarked that local women, used to physical labor, seemed to be of stronger constitution than men, whose main activity was hunting. Local provision consisted primarily of fish and products made of seeds and grains: usually ground acorns and wild rye. Wrangell surmised his impressions of the California Indians as a people with a natural propensity for independence, inventive spirit, and a unique sense of the beautiful. Another notable Russian expedition to California was the 13 months long visit of the scientist in 1840-1841. In 1834 Mexico secularized the Church's missions and confiscated their properties. But the new government did not return their lands to tribes but made land grants to settlers of at least partial European ancestry. Many landless Indians found wage labor on ranches. Following the United States victory in the , it took control of California in 1848 with the signing of the. Its administrators worked to honor Mexican land grant title but did not honor. California Gold Rush 1848—1855 Further information: Conflicts and Genocide Most of inland California including and the was in possession of the local tribes until the acquisition of by the United States. As the wave of immigrants from the United States started to settle inland California during the , conflicts between the aborigines and the immigrants started to arise. The series of massacres, battles, and wars between the United States and the indigenous peoples of California lasting from 1850 to 1880 is referred to as the. After guns and horses were introduced to the indigenous peoples of California in the beginning of the 19th century, the tensions between the neighboring tribes started to increase. In combination with the mass migration, that caused dramatic changes. When in 1846 the cut through the territory, the migrants and their livestock damaged the ecosystem that the locals were dependent on. Some anthropologists insist that the indigenous resistance is often used to camouflage genocide in colonial history. For instance, the final stage of the was triggered when Modoc men lead by Kintpuash AKA Captain Jack murdered at the peace tent in 1873. There is evidence that the first massacre of the Modocs by the white men possibly happened as early as 1840. According to the story told by a chief of the Achumawi tribe neighboring to Modocs , a group of trappers from the north stopped by the around the year 1840 and invited the Modocs to a feast. As they sat down to eat, the cannon was fired and many Indians were killed. The father of Captain Jack was among the survivors of that attack. Since then the Modocs resisted the intruders notoriously. See also: 20th Century During the end of the 19th Century and the beginning of the 20th century, the government attempted to force the indigenous peoples to break the ties with their native culture and tribalism and assimilate with the white society. In California, the federal government established such forms of education as the reservation day schools and. Some public schools would allow Indians to attend as well. Poor ventilation and nutrition due to limited funding , and diseases were typical problems at schools for American Indians. In addition to that, most parents disagreed with the idea of their children being raised as whites: at boarding schools, the students were forced to wear European style clothes and haircuts, were given European names, and were strictly forbidden to speak indigenous languages. The Native American community recognized the American Indian boarding schools to have oppressed their native culture and demanded the right for their children to access public schools. In 1935 the restrictions that forbid the Native Americans from attending public schools were officially removed. Since the 1920s, various Indian activist groups were demanding that the federal government fulfil the conditions of the 18 treaties of 1851-1852 that were never ratified and apparently, were classified. In 1944 and in 1946 the native peoples brought claims for reimbursements asking for compensations for the lands affected by treaties and Mexican land grants. Throughout the 20th Century, the population of indigenous peoples of California gradually rose. This population grew by 15% between 2000 and 2010, much less than the nation-wide growth rate of 27%, but higher than the population growth rate for all races, which was about 10% in California over that decade. Over 50,000 indigenous people live in Los Angeles alone. According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, there are currently over one hundred including those that spread to several states. Federal recognition officially grants the Indian tribes access to services and funding from the , and Federal and State funding for programs. SDSU Library and Information Access - Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on 2010-06-13. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Reference Encyclopedia of the American Indian. California: A History, New York, Modern Library 2005 , p. Van Wagtendonk; Kevin E. Shaffer; Joann Fites-Kaufman; Andrea E. Fire in California's Ecosystems. University of California Press. Before the Wilderness: Environmental Management by Native Californians. Menlo Park, California: Ballena Press. Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge And the Management of California's Natural Resources. University of California Press. California Native American Heritage Association. Retrieved 26 March 2018. Berkeley: University of California Press,. Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Flutes of Fire: Essays on California Indian Languages. Indian Survival on the California Frontier. Yale Western Americana series. New Haven: Yale University Press. California Indians and Their Environment: An Introduction. Berkeley: University of California Press. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
